Hydrogen Energy: Powering a Sustainable Future with Clean Fuel Solutions

Abstract

Hydrogen energy has emerged as a promising solution to support the global transition toward sustainable and low-carbon energy systems. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate hydrogen energy performance by integrating production, storage, and utilisation processes within a unified experimental framework. The methodology involves water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources, followed by hydrogen storage at varying pressures and its utilisation in fuel cells. Experimental data were collected through repeated trials to assess system reliability and performance consistency. The results show that hydrogen production increases steadily over time, reaching values above 90 mL/min, while optimal electrolyser efficiency exceeding 70% is achieved at low voltages (1.6–1.7 V). Hydrogen storage capacity significantly improves with pressure, exceeding 14 kg at 700 bar. Additionally, fuel cell output power increases proportionally with hydrogen flow rate, reaching more than 100 W at 1.0 L/min. System efficiency remains relatively stable at 58–64%, indicating good repeatability. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated approach, which combines multiple system components and evaluates their interdependencies across repeated experiments. However, the research is limited to laboratory-scale conditions and does not fully account for real-world operational and economic factors. In conclusion, the findings confirm that hydrogen energy systems have strong potential for sustainable applications, with the optimisation of operating parameters playing a critical role in enhancing overall performance and efficiency.