Renewable Energy and Hybrid Technology Integration for Sustainable Power Systems

Abstract

The rapid growth of renewable energy penetration necessitates integrated solutions that ensure efficiency, reliability, economic feasibility, and emission reduction. Hybrid renewable energy systems combining solar, wind, and battery storage offer a promising pathway to address the intermittency of renewable energy sources. This study aims to evaluate the technical, economic, and environmental performance of a hybrid renewable energy system under varying levels of renewable penetration and hybrid integration. The method involves a systematic analysis of system efficiency, 24-hour hybrid power output profiles, battery state-of-charge (SoC) dynamics, carbon emission reduction, and levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The results show that system efficiency increases from approximately 67.3% at low renewable penetration to a peak of about 72.8% at 60% penetration, then declines slightly at higher levels. Hybrid power output remains relatively stable between 40–80 kW due to the complementary behaviour of solar and wind generation, while battery SoC varies between roughly 30% and 70%, indicating effective daily charging and discharging. Carbon emission reduction increases steadily, reaching around 35% at full hybrid integration, with diminishing marginal gains beyond 70%. In parallel, the LCOE decreases significantly from about 0.22 USD/kWh at 0% renewable share to approximately 0.15 USD/kWh at 100% penetration. Overall, the findings confirm that optimally designed hybrid renewable energy systems can simultaneously enhance efficiency, lower energy costs, and reduce emissions, providing practical guidance for sustainable energy system planning.