Performance Analysis of Nanoparticle Coatings on Metal Surfaces Through Experimental Graphical Evaluation

Abstract

tribological performance of metal surfaces, yet their long-distance stability and structural evolution remain insufficiently explored. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal behaviour of four nanoparticle coating models by analysing changes in density and friction across a 2250 mm measurement distance. Density measurements were obtained using a digital surface analyzer, while friction was evaluated through a linear tribometer under controlled loading conditions. The combined analysis enabled detailed comparison of structural consolidation and mechanical resistance among the models. The results show that each coating model exhibits distinct performance characteristics. Model 1 demonstrated stable densification from 0.52 to 0.60 g/cm³ and a moderate rise in friction from 500,000 to 700,000 N/m², indicating consistent structural strengthening. Model 4 also showed strong consolidation, with density increasing from 0.22 to 0.58 g/cm³ and friction improving from 600,000 to 950,000 N/m². In contrast, Model 2 remained structurally weak, maintaining low density around 0.18 g/cm³ and friction between 350,000–380,000 N/m². Model 3 exhibited instability, with density dropping from 0.75 to 0.70 g/cm³ and friction decreasing sharply from 1,350,000 to 450,000 N/m², reflecting coating deterioration. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated long-distance evaluation of density and friction, revealing dynamic correlations often overlooked in conventional short-range coating assessments. Overall, the findings highlight that Models 1 and 4 provide superior structural robustness, while Models 2 and 3 show limited durability, offering new insight for optimizing nanoparticle-enhanced coating formulations.