Environmental Monitoring, Pollution Control, and Green Technologies: Challenges, Innovations, and Sustainable Solutions

Abstract

Environmental degradation driven by industrialisation, urbanisation, and resource exploitation requires integrated approaches to monitoring and mitigation. This study aims to develop and evaluate a comprehensive framework that links environmental monitoring, pollution control, and green technology implementation to support sustainable environmental management. The methodology integrates continuous sensor-based tracking of air quality (AQI, PM_2.5, temperature, and humidity), laboratory analysis of water quality indicators (BOD, COD, and TSS), assessment of industrial emissions (CO₂, NOx, and SO₂), and evaluation of renewable energy growth and waste management performance. The results reveal that urban AQI values consistently remained higher (≈97–175) than suburban (≈61–116) and rural areas (≈33–77), while PM_2.5 concentrations fluctuated between 5 and 75 µg/m³. Water quality analysis showed elevated TSS levels (≈30–92 mg/L) compared to BOD (≈2.5–7.5 mg/L) and COD (≈11–36 mg/L). Industrial emissions declined substantially after 2018, with CO₂ emissions reduced to approximately 110 million tons. Renewable energy capacity expanded markedly, exceeding 700 GW by 2024, while recycling rates improved to over 60% in recent years. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate that an integrated, data-driven framework effectively links environmental monitoring with actionable green technology solutions, offering a scalable model for sustainable pollution mitigation and environmental policy development.