Process Efficiency and Integrated Waste Management in Palm Oil Production: A Case Study on Environmental Sustainability

Abstract

Palm oil mills play a vital role in producing crude palm oil and palm kernels but also generate significant waste with environmental pollution potential. This study analyzes the efficiency of core processing stages—sterilization, threshing, pressing, and refining as well as supporting processes, focusing on energy use and waste generation. The main waste types include high-BOD and COD liquid waste, and solid waste such as empty fruit bunches and fibre. A descriptive method with a case study approach was used at a selected palm oil mill. Data were gathered through on-site observations, expert interviews, and analysis of production and waste management documents. Waste quality parameters were measured to assess the processing system's effectiveness. Supporting operations—such as employee facilities, laboratories, and workshops also produce domestic and hazardous (B3) waste. Domestic waste, including black and grey water, is treated via septic tanks and a domestic wastewater treatment plant. B3 waste is managed through temporary storage before being transferred to authorized handlers. Wastewater sources include processing stages, equipment cleaning, and machine maintenance, which produce oily and sludge residues. Implementing an effective and integrated waste management system is crucial to minimize environmental impacts. This study highlights the importance of improving efficiency across all production and support processes while ensuring sustainable waste management to enhance environmental protection and support the productivity of the palm oil industry.