International Journal of Science & Advanced Technology (IJSAT)
International Journal of Science & Advanced Technology (IJSAT), is an international, multidiscipline, peer-reviewed scholarly journal submit and publish for free. The journal is dedicated to provide a platform for scientist, engineer, technologist, researcher and academics to communicate and disseminate knowledge between the newest research works on the technology innovations. An article will be online shortly after it is accepted and typeset. Currently, there is no publication charge, including article processing and submission charges. IJSAT is an open access journal which means that all contents are freely available without any charge to the author/reader to download and share online.
Case Study on Smart Microgrid Optimization with Vehicle-to-Grid and Renewable Integration in Rural India
Access to reliable and sustainable electricity remains a critical challenge in rural India, where frequent outages and dependence on fossil fuels hinder socioeconomic progress. This study aims to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of a hybrid renewable microgrid integrating photovoltaics (25 kWp), biomass generation (10 kW), and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology to support the electrification of Alamarathupatti village in Tamil Nadu. A 100% household-level energy survey was conducted to obtain accurate load profiles, revealing an average daily energy consumption of 92.3 kWh and a peak demand of 12.1 kW in the evening. Using HOMER Pro and MATLAB/Simulink, the microgrid was modelled to meet the village's total load, with PV contributing 72.6% of daily energy and biomass covering 27.4%, particularly during non-solar hours. V2G integration provided 4–5 kWh per vehicle during peak periods, enhancing flexibility and grid resilience. The system achieved a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of USD 0.094/kWh, lower than the regional tariff of USD 0.115/kWh, resulting in annual household savings of USD 38–45. It also reduced CO₂ emissions by 14.6 tons/year, primarily by replacing diesel and kerosene. The Net Present Cost (NPC) over 20 years was USD 47,200, with a payback period of 7.3 years. Compared to existing models, this study introduces a replicable, flexible, and resilient microgrid design suited for rural, agriculture-based communities. In conclusion, the proposed system offers a scalable, sustainable energy solution aligned with India’s rural development and decarbonization goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Science & Advanced Technology (IJSAT)
Emerging Technologies in Education: Trends, Psychological Foundations, and Impacts on Learning Innovation
The rapid evolution of digital technology has reshaped educational landscapes globally, particularly through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Learning Analytics (LA), Extended Reality (XR), and adaptive learning systems. These tools have enhanced personalization, increased learner creativity, and expanded access to quality education across higher education, K–12, and professional domains. This mini-review aims to synthesize current trends, psychological foundations, and the impact of emerging technologies on learning innovation and practice. A mixed-method approach was adopted, involving literature synthesis from nine peer-reviewed Q1 and Q2 articles published between 2020 and 2025 and visualization of adoption patterns before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Results reveal a significant post-pandemic rise in adopting key technologies: LA and VR/AR increased from levels 3 to 5, and adaptive learning from 3 to 5 on a five-point scale. These technologies embed critical psychological principles of scaffolding, feedback, metacognition, and motivation into their design. However, challenges such as instructor resistance (rated 4/5 in difficulty), the digital divide (5/5), and ethical concerns about AI (4/5) remain prevalent. The findings also highlight a shifting role for educators, requiring new digital and facilitative competencies. The novelty of this study lies in bridging psychological theory with technological implementation and providing comparative visual insights into technology adoption and impact. The review concludes that while emerging technologies offer transformative benefits, their effectiveness depends on inclusive design, ethical governance, and continuous pedagogical innovation.
Renewable Energy Progress and Utilization Gaps in ASEAN: A Comparative Analysis
This study investigates renewable energy development trends and utilization gaps across ASEAN countries between 2016 and 2020 through a comparative, data-driven analysis. The research highlights temporal differences in installed capacity and project realization, focusing on solar, biomass, hydropower, and geothermal energy sources. Vietnam experienced the most dramatic increase in installed capacity, from 0 MW in 2017–2018 to approximately 850 MW in 2019–2020. Cambodia followed with a jump from 0 MW to 370 MW during the same period, while Thailand more than doubled its capacity from 320 MW to 680 MW. In the solar sector, Thailand led with 950 MW added in 2016, though growth slowed afterwards. The Philippines maintained steady development, increasing from 600 MW in 2016 to 640 MW by 2018. A three-layer comparison reveals that solar energy had a technical potential of 4,800 MW, with only a 2,000 MW target by 2021, and biomass had a potential of 4,400 MW, with a 2021 target of 3,600 MW. This study's novelty lies in its multi-year comparative approach, project commitment data incorporation, and potential vs. realisation analysis. The dominance of fossil fuels, 91% of Indonesia's renewable mix in 2015, highlights the urgent need for diversification. The findings provide valuable insight for policymakers to align targets with investment and capacity-building strategies across the ASEAN region.
Impact of Rainfall and Meteorological Factors on Wastewater Treatment in Palm Oil Mills
This study investigates the influence of rainfall and meteorological factors on wastewater treatment performance in a palm oil mill, recognizing that CPO processing requires large volumes of water and generates complex liquid waste. The objective is to analyze how rainfall affects wastewater volume, characteristics, and treatment efficiency, and to evaluate the effects of temperature, humidity, and wind speed on the performance of the wastewater treatment plant (WTP). A case study approach was applied at a palm oil mill in Nagan Raya Regency. Primary data were collected by sampling wastewater at critical points in the open pond system and WTP unit, while secondary data were obtained from operational reports and meteorological records from the Cut Nyak Dhien Meteorological Station. Laboratory analysis was conducted to measure parameters such as BOD, COD, TSS, pH, and oil and grease content, aiming to assess the fluctuation in waste quality influenced by weather variables. The study also reviewed the management of hazardous emissions—methane, CO₂, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide—to evaluate their environmental impact. Results indicated that increased rainfall led to higher wastewater volumes and altered pollutant concentrations, reducing treatment efficiency. Other meteorological factors, particularly temperature and wind speed, also influenced the biological decomposition process in open ponds. These findings highlight the need for adaptive treatment strategies to enhance resilience, improve system performance, and support sustainable operations in the palm oil industry.
Performance and Emission Analysis of Diesel-Turpentine Blends in a Compression Ignition Engine
This study investigates the effects of diesel blended with turpentine oil and oxygenated additives namely turpentine–diesel, oxygenated turpentine–diesel) alpha-pinene–diesel, and oxygenated alpha-pinene–diesel on engine performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine under various speeds and loads. The in-cylinder pressure (ICP) analysis reveals that all blended fuels showed higher maximum ICP values than diesel, ranging from 76 bar to 79 bar compared to 75 bar for diesel, an improvement of approximately 1.6% to 5.3%. The heat release rate (HRR) analysis indicates that additive blends enhanced combustion, with maximum HRR reaching 73 J/°CA for TD, compared to 68 J/°CA for diesel, which is an increase of up to 7.3%. CO₂ emissions for additive blends were slightly higher than D, with OAPD reaching up to 0.6% compared to 0.21% for diesel. Carbon monoxide emissions showed minimal differences, with peak values between 0.043% and 0.046% across all fuels. Notably, NOₓ emissions significantly increased, with APD reaching 230 ppm compared to 220 ppm for D, reflecting an increase of up to 50%. The ANOVA results confirm that engine speed and load are statistically significant parameters (p < 0.0001) affecting combustion and emissions. The study concludes that additive-diesel blends enhance engine performance metrics such as ICP and HRR but with trade-offs in NOₓ emissions due to intensified premixed combustion.
Emission Analysis of Water-Diesel-Butanol Blends on Engine Performance at Variable Loads
This study investigates the impact of water-diesel-butanol (WDB) blends on exhaust emissions from diesel engines under varying loads (20%, 35%, and 50%) and engine speeds. Five fuel types were tested: pure diesel (D), water-diesel emulsion (W5D), and WDB blend with 5%, 10%, and 15% butanol (W5DBu5, W5DBu10, W5DBu15). The results revealed that at 20% load, NOx emissions from pure diesel reached the highest average value of 435 ppm, approximately 39% higher than the WDB blends. W5DBu15 recorded the lowest NOx emissions across all load levels due to lower combustion temperature and higher latent heat of vaporization. CO emissions remained below 5% for all fuel types but were consistently lower for WDB blends. At 50% load and 3000 rpm, W5DBu15 showed the lowest CO emission, around 2.1%, compared to 3.6% for pure diesel. Interestingly, CO₂ emissions increased with higher butanol content, with W5DBu15 showing the highest CO₂ emission of 262.5% more than pure diesel at 20% load and 3000 rpm, indicating more complete combustion. These findings suggest that using WDB blends, particularly with higher butanol concentrations, can significantly reduce NOx and CO emissions while improving combustion efficiency. This demonstrates the promising potential of WDB fuels as cleaner alternatives for sustainable diesel engine operations.
Performance Evaluation of Butanol-Water Diesel Emulsion in Turbocharged Diesel Engine at Variable Loads
This study investigates the performance characteristics of a turbocharged diesel engine using water-diesel emulsion fuel blended with various proportions of butanol. The fuels tested include pure diesel (D), 5% water emulsion diesel (W5D), and three blends with added butanol: W5DBu5, W5DBu10, and W5DBu15. Experiments were conducted using an Isuzu 4JJ1 common-rail turbocharged diesel engine at engine loads of 20%, 35%, and 50%, with speeds ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 rpm. Results show that brake power and torque varied significantly with butanol addition. At 50% load, the maximum brake power was observed at 3,000 rpm for all fuels, where W5DBu15 achieved a peak of 33.2 kW compared to 31.8 kW for pure diesel. Similarly, brake torque was highest at mid-range speeds (1,500–2,000 rpm), with W5DBu15 reaching 210 Nm, slightly below diesel’s 218 Nm but notably higher than W5D at 193 Nm. Butanol addition improved brake thermal efficiency while reducing brake-specific fuel consumption, especially at moderate engine loads. The findings indicate that blending butanol with water-diesel emulsion enhances combustion efficiency due to higher oxygen content and specific heat of butanol. Thus, W5DBu10 and W5DBu15 demonstrate strong potential as alternative fuels, offering performance benefits without significant engine modifications.
Process Efficiency and Integrated Waste Management in Palm Oil Production: A Case Study on Environmental Sustainability
Palm oil mills play a vital role in producing crude palm oil and palm kernels but also generate significant waste with environmental pollution potential. This study analyzes the efficiency of core processing stages—sterilization, threshing, pressing, and refining as well as supporting processes, focusing on energy use and waste generation. The main waste types include high-BOD and COD liquid waste, and solid waste such as empty fruit bunches and fibre. A descriptive method with a case study approach was used at a selected palm oil mill. Data were gathered through on-site observations, expert interviews, and analysis of production and waste management documents. Waste quality parameters were measured to assess the processing system's effectiveness. Supporting operations—such as employee facilities, laboratories, and workshops also produce domestic and hazardous (B3) waste. Domestic waste, including black and grey water, is treated via septic tanks and a domestic wastewater treatment plant. B3 waste is managed through temporary storage before being transferred to authorized handlers. Wastewater sources include processing stages, equipment cleaning, and machine maintenance, which produce oily and sludge residues. Implementing an effective and integrated waste management system is crucial to minimize environmental impacts. This study highlights the importance of improving efficiency across all production and support processes while ensuring sustainable waste management to enhance environmental protection and support the productivity of the palm oil industry.
Combustion Analysis of Biodiesel Blends on Pressure, Temperature, and Heat Release at Engine Loads
This study analyzed the combustion performance of various biodiesel blends on in-cylinder pressure, in-cylinder temperature, and Rate of Heat Release (ROHR) in a diesel engine with 25% and 50% loads. The tested fuel blends included pure diesel (DB100), and biodiesel blends with 10%, 20%, and 30% biodiesel content (F10B10, F20B10, F20B20, and F30B10). The results showed that in-cylinder pressure increased with increasing load, where the peak pressure on DB100 reached 63 bar at 25% load and increased to 65 bar at 50% load. Meanwhile, the F30B10 blend experienced a slight decrease in pressure, with a peak value of 61 bar at 50% load, indicating slower combustion characteristics. Regarding in-cylinder temperature, DB100 has the highest peak temperature of 1250 K at 25% load and 1380 K at 50%. Biodiesel blends with higher proportions, such as F30B10, have lower temperatures, namely 1180 K at 25% load and 1250 K at 50% load. ROHR analysis shows that at 50% load, the F20B20 blend has the highest ROHR, reaching 45,000 kW, compared to 42,000 kW for DB100. These results indicate that biodiesel can maintain good combustion performance despite experiencing a slight decrease in pressure and peak temperature. Thus, biodiesel blends can be an alternative fuel that has the potential to reduce dependence on conventional diesel without sacrificing engine performance significantly.
Influence of Methanol-Gasoline Blends on Vibration Characteristics of Spark-Ignition Engine at Different Speeds
This study analyzes the effect of methanol blending in gasoline on a spark-ignition engine's spectrum and vibration response at various operating speeds. Two fuels used are G100 (pure gasoline) and G95M5 (95% gasoline + 5% methanol). Tests were conducted at speeds of 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, and 3000 rpm using a vibration sensor to obtain acceleration data in the frequency and time domains. The spectrum analysis results show that at 2000 rpm, G95M5 fuel produces a peak vibration acceleration of 0.28 m/s², higher than G100, which only reaches 0.18 m/s². At 2500 rpm, the difference is still visible, with G95M5 reaching 0.19 m/s², while G100 is 0.16 m/s². However, at 3000 rpm, the difference between the two fuels becomes smaller, with the peak acceleration almost the same, which is 0.032 m/s². Time domain analysis shows a similar trend: at 2000 rpm, G95M5 fuel produces a maximum vibration spike of 0.22 m/s², while G100 is only 0.15 m/s². At 2500 rpm, the vibration of G95M5 is still higher, but it starts to decrease at 3000 rpm with a peak value of 0.028 m/s² for G95M5 and 0.026 m/s² for G100. These results indicate that methanol blending increases vibration at low to medium speeds, but the effect is more damped at high speeds. Thus, although G95M5 can improve combustion efficiency, the increase in vibration at low speeds should be considered because it can affect the reliability and service life of engine components in the long term.
Mobility Patterns of Rural Communities in Traveling Traveling from The Origin Area to the Destination
The development of toll roads plays a crucial role in enhancing regional connectivity and economic growth. This study examines changes in mobility patterns in Lamtamot Village before and after the construction of the Sibanceh Toll Road using a quantitative descriptive approach and an Origin-Destination (OD) survey. Data from 191 respondents were processed using ArcGIS to visualize movement patterns. The findings reveal that, despite improved accessibility, travel intensity remains relatively unchanged, with most movements occurring within the same sub-village. The toll road has not significantly altered community mobility, as economic and daily activities remain centred locally. These insights highlight the limited impact of toll roads on rural mobility and emphasize the need for integrated transportation planning to support sustainable development.
Renewable Energy Application Research Using VOSviewer software: Bibliometric Analysis
This study analyzes renewable energy and clean technology research trends through a bibliometric approach. The visualization results show that hydrogen and fuel topics dominate the literature, focusing on green hydrogen technology and fuel cells. Catalyst and stability topics are also frequently discussed, emphasizing the importance of developing materials to support the stability of hydrogen energy systems. In addition, biomass is a crucial concern in renewable energy research. The findings from the table reveal that energy systems and models have strong links with other topics, such as networks and supply, indicating a focus on developing integrated energy systems and smart grids. In conclusion, hydrogen technology, biomass conversion, and material innovation play a crucial role in the transition to clean and sustainable energy, although challenges related to stability and cost remain.
Bibliometric Analysis of Renewable Energy Technologies Using VOSviewer: Mapping Innovations and Applications
This study analyzes the interrelationships between critical topics in technology development using VOSviewer bibliometric visualization. Three main clusters were found: battery and energy storage technologies, catalysis and chemical reactions, and information and communication technologies. The first cluster highlights battery, energy density, and high energy density, indicating a strong focus on energy storage innovation. The second cluster includes catalyst and oxygen evolution reactions, emphasizing the importance of catalysis in hydrogen-based energy conversion. The third cluster is related to IoT, networks, and data, highlighting the role of innovative grid technologies and data management in digital transformation. These results demonstrate the synergy between renewable energy development, technological efficiency, and digital integration, key directions of modern technology research. This study provides important insights to support sustainable innovation in energy and information technologies.
Bibliometric Study of Renewable Energy Technology Development: Application of VOSviewer in Identifying Global Trends
This article presents a bibliometric study on developing renewable energy technologies using VOSviewer software. The study identifies key global trends in renewable energy research and maps collaboration networks among researchers, institutions, and countries. Data were extracted from major scientific databases, including Scopus and Web of Science, covering publications from the last decade. The results reveal that research on renewable energy technologies has significantly increased, with a growing focus on innovation, sustainability policies, and the economic impact of clean energy adoption. Notably, recent studies emphasize "green finance" and its role in accelerating the transition to renewable energy. Furthermore, this study highlights the shift from purely technical research towards interdisciplinary approaches that integrate policy, economics, and environmental sustainability. Unlike previous studies, this research employs a comprehensive bibliometric analysis combined with network visualization to provide a clearer picture of the evolution of research topics and international collaboration patterns. These findings offer valuable insights for strengthening global partnerships and fostering clean and sustainable energy innovation.
Hybrid Grid System as a Solution for Renewable Energy Integration: A Case Study
This article discusses integrating renewable energy technologies and intelligent energy management systems to create efficient and sustainable infrastructure. An analysis is conducted on a microgrid project that combines energy sources such as solar panels, wind turbines, and VRB batteries, which are optimized with SCADA systems and smart grids to improve operational efficiency. In addition, the concept of a net-zero energy home shows how technologies such as heat pumps, efficient lighting, and smart energy management enable homes to produce energy independently. At the commercial building level, smart technologies for HVAC, sensor-based lighting, and electric vehicle charging support energy-efficient and safe operations. In conclusion, renewable energy technologies and intelligent management systems are critical in transitioning to a more environmentally friendly and efficient infrastructure.
Exploration of predictive models in optimising renewable energy integration in grid systems
This study analyzes key trends in energy research by mapping keyword associations using network visualization and bibliometric data. The results show a strong relationship between technical aspects such as control systems and energy optimization with policy and sustainability. New technologies like blockchain and prosumers are increasingly integrated into energy systems to improve transparency and efficiency. In addition, grid stability and optimization of power system parameters are becoming significant in ensuring reliable and efficient system performance. Keywords such as sustainability, carbon neutrality, and renewable energy also show increasing attention to the transition to renewable sources. This study uses algorithms and artificial intelligence to emphasise the importance of technological innovation in energy system optimization and management. The conclusions of this analysis emphasize the need for a holistic approach that combines technical innovation, supportive energy policies, and a focus on sustainability to achieve a clean and efficient energy transition.
Sustainable Wastewater Management in Sumedang: Design, Treatment Technologies, and Resource Recovery
In 2022, Regency Sumedang has a population of 1,159,400 people with a 762 people/km² density. With the increasing population, the quantity of wastewater generated is also expected to rise. High COD and BOD parameters in wastewater indicate the need to be treated before being discharged into the receiving water bodies. Aligned with SDGs point 6, the Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) planning for four districts in Kabupaten Sumedang aims to improve water quality, sanitation, and adequate and equitable cleanliness. In the planning of the WWTP, calculations are conducted, including population projections for 20 years, water requirements, wastewater production, and dimensioning units. Based on the wastewater flow rate calculation in Kabupaten Sumedang, the planned WWTP capacity is determined to be 287 L/second. The treatment unit chosen is the biological unit due to the BOD/COD ratio, indicating a figure of 0.51. The selected technologies include Bar Screens, Grease Traps, Equalization Tanks, Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC), Aerobic biofilters, Clarifiers, Sludge Drying Beds, and Chlorination. The selection of these units is expected to remove BOD and COD parameters by up to 95% and enhance resource recovery efforts, where the sludge cake exiting the sludge treatment unit can be utilised as raw material or a new, more beneficial energy source.
Optimization of Aceh Low-Rank Coal Upgrading Process with Combination of Heating Media to Reduce Water Content through Response Surface Method
This research aims to improve the rank of coal in Aceh, which is known to have a relatively high moisture content of 44-52%. The upgrading process uses hot water and hot oil as media combined with microwaves to remove moisture content in coal. The process was carried out using microwave rotary dryer equipment by varying the coal particle size of 10, 20, and 30 mesh and the time for 20, 40, and 60 minutes. Response surface methodology using the Central Composite Design (CCD) method was used to determine the optimum conditions for low-rank coal, which resulted in 9 runs of low-rank coal experiments. The quadratic polynomial model was validated with the correlation coefficient, R2 value being 0,994. Optimization has been done by maximizing the moisture content of low-rank coal at 4,906 Kg and decreasing it by 20% by setting the particle size and time at 5 Mesh M and 20 minutes, respectively. As a result, this research is projected to be a reference for developing coal upgrading methods in Aceh that can be applied from the laboratory to the commercial scale.
Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory at Benowo Landfill Using IPCC Method
Potentially contribute 296 MTon CO2 eq (10.32%) of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030, with an annual growth projection of 6.3% using the Business As Usual (BAU) projection from 2010 to 2030. Approximately seventy percent of all waste is organic, making household waste one of the primary sources of urban waste. This study was conducted at the Benowo Landfill in Surabaya City. The SNI 19-3964-1994 method was used to sample the waste composition and generation at the landfill. Waste generation projections considering population growth were made up to 2030. This study compares methane gas emissions from three scenarios: scenario 1, waste is directly landfilled; scenario 2, waste is reduced through composting and 3R processing; and scenario 3, waste is processed at the landfill through gasification. Inventory calculations using the 2006 IPCC guidelines show that the highest greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and CH4) come from the landfilling scenario, with the most significant CH4 emissions and the most minuscule CO2 emissions. The gasification scenario produces the most essential CO2 and minuscule CH4 emissions due to using aerobic systems and combustion.
Optimizing Waste Transport Efficiency in Langsa City, Indonesia: A Dynamic Programming Approach
The ever-growing urban population intensifies waste management challenges, particularly in waste transportation logistics. Langsa City, Indonesia, exemplifies this problem, with limited daily waste collection fleets requiring route rotation across different drivers and teams. This study investigates the effectiveness of Dynamic Programming (DP) in optimizing waste transport routes in Langsa City, focusing on minimizing travel time, distance, and fuel consumption. Data collection involved route observations, driver interviews, and fuel consumption calculations for six operating fleets across Langsa City. DP was then applied to generate optimized routes for each fleet. The results demonstrate that DP significantly improved route efficiency. Optimized routes yielded mileage reductions between 0.2-2.9 km, translating to 2-19 minutes of time savings per shift. Furthermore, a cumulative fuel saving of 0.903% was achieved across all vehicles for a single change. These findings highlight the effectiveness and applicability of DP in optimizing waste transport routes in Langsa City, potentially leading to cost reductions, improved service delivery, and reduced environmental impact.