International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
type: channel
description: The International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) is a multidisciplinary journal that serves as a platform for disseminating innovative research and advancements in engineering and technology. It covers a broad spectrum of topics, including but not limited to mechanical engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, civil engineering, computer science, and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and renewable energy. The journal aims to bridge the gap between theoretical research and practical applications, encouraging contributions from academia, industry professionals, and researchers worldwide. IJET strongly emphasises high-quality, peer-reviewed articles that provide insights into cutting-edge developments, methodologies, and experimental findings to drive technological progress.
publisher: Scholar Publishing
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
issn: 3083-9114
items: Effect of Plate Modifications on Combustion and Efficiency of Biomass Fuels in Furnace Systems
items: An Economic Analysis of Urban Waste Recycling within a Zero-Waste Framework
items: Effect of Oxygenated Turpentine and Alpha-Pinene on Diesel Fuel Physicochemical Properties
items: Influence of Engine Speed on Combustion, Performance, Airflow, and Emission Characteristics
items: Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Jatropha and UCO Biodiesel Blends in Burner System
items: Performance Analysis of Butanol-Blended Water-Emulsified Diesel in a Turbocharged Diesel Engine
items: Physicochemical Characterization of Water-Butanol-Diesel Blends for Enhanced Fuel Performance Analysis
items: The Role of Smart Grids in Enhancing Renewable Energy Utilization in Urban Areas
items: Effect of Low-Temperature Heat Treatment on Surface Morphology and Elemental Composition of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Biomass Analyzed by SEM-EDS
items: Effect of Thermal Treatment on Functional Group Transformation of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Biomass at 150–200°C: An FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis
items: Analysis of the Effect of Biodiesel Mixtures on Pressure, Temperature, and Heat Release Rate in Diesel Engines
items: Analysis of the Effect of G95M5 Fuel Mixture on Engine Vibration Characteristics at Various Operating Speeds
items: Bibliometric Analysis of Renewable Energy Research Trends Using VOSviewer: Network Mapping and Topic Evolution
items: Optimisation of home grid-connected photovoltaic systems: performance analysis and energy implications
items: Overview of biomass-based waste to renewable energy technology, socioeconomic, and environmental impact
items: Advancements in Communication and Information Technologies for Smart Energy Systems and Renewable Energy Transition: A Review
items: A brief overview of the physical layer test system: Development of an IoTbased energy storage and electrical energy distribution system
items: Optimisation of Microgrid by HOMER Pro Software Design: Innovative Approach and Performance Evaluation
items: Analysis of the concentration microplastics on waste generation in the beach: A case study Banda Aceh City, Indonesia
items: Porosity and Pore Volume Analysis of EFB Fiber: Physical Characterization and Effect of Thermal Treatment
items: Characterization of Porosity and Pore Volume in EFB Samples through Physical and Morphological Parameters
items: Using VOSviewer for Renewable Energy Literature Analysis: Mapping Technology and Policy-Related Research

Effect of Plate Modifications on Combustion and Efficiency of Biomass Fuels in Furnace Systems
type: item
description: The global demand for renewable energy highlights biomass as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. In Southeast Asia, palm-based residues palm kernel shells, oil palm fronds, and empty fruit bunches offer abundant resources with high energy potential. However, their combustion efficiency is often limited by furnace design. This study investigates the effect of plate modifications (two-way, three-way, and four-way) on combustion performance in furnace systems. Experiments assessed heat release rate, thermal efficiency, and combustion furnace efficiency under different configurations. Results showed that modified plates improved combustion stability compared to standard designs. The three-way modification yielded the highest heat release rate of 440 W/m, while the four-way modification provided the most stable output, maintaining over 300 W/m for longer durations. Thermal efficiency tests revealed palm kernel shell achieved 92% at T1 in Experiment-02, oil palm fronds reached 95% at T1 in Experiment-03, and empty fruit bunches, though starting lower, demonstrated superior long-term stability with 74% at T4 in Experiment-03. Furnace efficiency showed a similar pattern: palm kernel shell reached 74%, oil palm fronds 71%, while empty fruit bunches remained lower at 40% at T4. The novelty of this research lies in integrating chamber design with comparative fuel analysis, demonstrating that plate modifications directly enhance efficiency and stability. In conclusion, palm kernel shell is optimal for high initial efficiency, oil palm fronds for rapid energy release, and empty fruit bunches for sustained combustion, providing practical insights for biomass utilization in renewable energy systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomass combustion
  topic: keywords
subject: Palm kernel shell
  topic: keywords
subject: Oil palm fronds
  topic: keywords
subject: Empty fruit bunches
  topic: keywords
subject: Plate modification
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhtadin Muhtadin
creator: Mahidin Mahidin
creator: Muhammad Faisal
creator: Mohd Adnin Hamidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 269
ending page: 282

An Economic Analysis of Urban Waste Recycling within a Zero-Waste Framework
type: item
description: Waste possesses economic value when appropriately utilized. Effectively managing waste from its sources proves to be a valuable approach, enhancing the market value of waste and mitigating the disposal of refuse into landfills. Recycling waste contributes to economic advantages for communities, yet the pricing of waste or used goods is significantly influenced by global market conditions. In Banda Aceh, only 5.08% of the population engages in frequent recycling, 3.35% participate quite often, while 24.57% and 67% are categorized as rare and never engaging in recycling, respectively. This paper contends that the proper recycling of used goods can yield economic benefits for urban communities. Key elements include waste separation and prevention, establishing community recycling centers, and implementing incentives and disincentives. The objective of this paper is to explore the economic benefits achievable by urban communities through the adept implementation of Zero Waste principles in Banda Aceh. The research methodology involves surveys, in-depth interviews with diverse experts including academics, government officials, waste activists, and a thorough review of relevant documents
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Banda Aceh
  topic: keywords
subject: Recycling Center
  topic: keywords
subject: Waste Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Waste Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Zero Waste
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Nizar
creator: Shu Ing Doh
creator: Muhammad Subhan Ishak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 255
ending page: 268

Effect of Oxygenated Turpentine and Alpha-Pinene on Diesel Fuel Physicochemical Properties
type: item
description: The increasing demand for alternative fuels has led to extensive research on bio-additives to enhance fuel performance and reduce environmental impact. This study investigates the effect of turpentine and alpha-pinene, both in pure and oxygenated forms, on the physicochemical properties of diesel fuel. The fuel properties analyzed include density, kinematic viscosity, calorific value, and cetane number. The results indicate that adding bio-additives alters the fuel's characteristics significantly. The density of the test fuels increased compared to diesel (857.72 kg/m³), with the highest density observed in alphapinene diesel at 877.06 kg/m³. Kinematic viscosity decreased with the addition of bio-additives, with oxygenated alpha-pinene diesel showing the lowest value of 2.83 mm²/s, compared to 3.32 mm²/s for diesel. The calorific value of turpentine oxygenated diesel was the highest at 44.94 MJ/kg, while alphapinene oksigenasi had the lowest at 41.09 MJ/kg. The cetane number decreased in most test fuels, with the lowest value found in turpentine diesel at 63.78, while APD had the highest cetane number of 69.46, surpassing diesel (67.3). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed significant compositional changes due to oxygenation, with α-pinene content reducing from 61.81% to 32.68% and new oxygenated compounds, such as α-pinene-oxide (6.15%) and trans-verbenol (6.66%), emerging. These findings suggest that turpentine and alpha-pinene bio-additives influence fuel properties differently, with turpentine-oxygenated diesel showing the highest calorific value and alpha pinene-diesel exhibiting the best cetane number. Further research is required to evaluate their impact on engine performance and emissions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bio-additives
  topic: keywords
subject: Turpentine
  topic: keywords
subject: Alpha-pinene
  topic: keywords
subject: Diesel fuel
  topic: keywords
subject: Physicochemical properties
  topic: keywords
creator: Syazwana Sapee
creator: Ahmad Fitri Yusop
creator: Asep Kadarohman
creator: Ratnaningsih Eko Sardjono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Syazwana Sapee, Ahmad Fitri Yusop, Asep Kadarohman, Ratnaningsih Eko Sardjono (Author)
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 227
ending page: 241

Influence of Engine Speed on Combustion, Performance, Airflow, and Emission Characteristics
type: item
description: This study investigates the effects of engine speed on key performance, combustion, air intake, fuel consumption, and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine operating within the range of 1500 to 3000 rpm. A series of controlled engine tests were conducted to evaluate combustion duration, brake torque, brake mean adequate pressure (BMEP), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), specific fuel consumption (SFC), NOx emissions, total mass airflow, and volumetric efficiency. The results reveal that combustion duration decreased significantly from 83°CA at 1500 rpm to 37°CA at 3000 rpm, while BMEP declined from 6.6 bar to 4.3 bar, and brake torque dropped from 1000 Nm to 630 Nm. IMEP peaked at 8.55 bar at 2000 rpm, indicating optimal combustion efficiency at mid-range speed. In contrast, SFC increased from 0.235 kg/kWh to 0.305 kg/kWh, reflecting reduced thermal efficiency at higher speeds. NOx emissions exhibited a peak value of 2220 ppm at 2100 rpm, then gradually declined, emphasizing the trade-off between power output and emission control. Volumetric efficiency decreased from 91.5% to 75.5%, while total mass airflow rose from 0.255 kg/s to 0.42 kg/s. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated and comparative analysis across multiple engine parameters, offering a holistic understanding of engine dynamics. These findings serve as a reference for optimizing engine performance and emission strategies, and they provide a benchmark for future research involving alternative fuels, advanced combustion modes, and real-time control algorithms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Engine Speed
  topic: keywords
subject: Combustion Duration
  topic: keywords
subject: Brake Torque
  topic: keywords
subject: Specific Fuel Consumption
  topic: keywords
subject: NOx Emissions
  topic: keywords
creator: S.M Rosdi
creator: Ahmad Fitri Yusop
creator: Erdiwansyah Erdiwansyah
creator: Mohd Hafizil Mat Yasin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 S.M Rosdi, Ahmad Fitri Yusop, Erdiwansyah, Mohd Hafizil Mat Yasin (Author)
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 242
ending page: 254

Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Jatropha and UCO Biodiesel Blends in Burner System
type: item
description: This study investigates the combustion performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends derived from Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) and Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester (UCOME) in comparison to Conventional Diesel Fuel (CDF). Biodiesel was produced using a two-step transesterification process, producing high yields of 94.3% for JME and 92.0% for UCOME. Fuel blends were prepared at B5, B15, and B25 concentrations and tested in a lab-scale combustion chamber equipped with thermocouples and a gas analyzer. Key fuel properties such as specific gravity and calorific value were evaluated, showing that particular gravity increased with higher biodiesel content while calorific value decreased. For instance, CDF had the highest calorific value at 45.29 MJ/kg, whereas B100 biodiesels recorded lower values. Emissions analysis revealed that increasing biodiesel content significantly reduced NOx and CO emissions. At stoichiometric conditions (equivalence ratio 1.0), NOx emissions dropped from 61 ppm (CDF) to 51 ppm (B25 JME) and 52 ppm (B25 UCOME). CO emissions under the same conditions showed a reduction of up to 95.2% for B25 JME compared to CDF. The highest CO reduction occurred under stoichiometric combustion, while the most significant NOx reduction was observed at lean conditions, with B25 UCOME achieving a 40.5% decrease. These findings demonstrate the environmental advantage of biodiesel blends, particularly B25, which significantly reduces harmful emissions without compromising fuel performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biodiesel Blends
  topic: keywords
subject: Emission Reduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Jatropha Methyl Ester
  topic: keywords
subject: Used Cooking Oil
  topic: keywords
subject: Combustion Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Biodiesel
  topic: subjects
subject: Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME)
  topic: subjects
subject: Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester (UCOME)
  topic: subjects
subject: Combustion Performance
  topic: subjects
subject: Emission Characteristics
  topic: subjects
subject: Burner System
  topic: subjects
subject: Renewable Energy
  topic: subjects
subject: Alternative Fuels
  topic: subjects
creator: Syazwana Binti Sapee
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Syazwana Binti Sapee (Author)
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 213
ending page: 226

Performance Analysis of Butanol-Blended Water-Emulsified Diesel in a Turbocharged Diesel Engine
type: item
description: This study investigates the performance characteristics of butanol-blended water-emulsified diesel (W5DBu) fuels in a turbocharged, common-rail direct injection diesel engine. The objective is to assess the impact of varying butanol ratios (5%, 10%, and 15% by volume) on brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and in-cylinder combustion behaviour under different engine loads (20%, 35%, and 50%) at 3,000 rpm. Results indicate a consistent increase in BTE with butanol addition, particularly under medium to high load conditions. The highest BTE of 37.06% was observed with base diesel at 50% load, while W5DBu15 achieved a BTE of 36.13%, demonstrating a 15.1% improvement compared to diesel at optimal operating conditions. In contrast, BSFC increased with higher butanol content at low load, with W5DBu15 showing the highest consumption due to butanol’s lower calorific value. However, BSFC decreased at higher loads and speeds, with fuel savings of up to 35% compared to base diesel. Combustion analysis revealed that increasing butanol enhanced in-cylinder pressure and heat release rates, though W5DBu15 exhibited delayed ignition and micro-explosion phenomena at low loads. These findings confirm that butanol addition of up to 10% in water-emulsified diesel offers significant thermal efficiency gains and fuel savings without compromising combustion performance. The study supports the potential of alcohol-based bio-additives in enhancing diesel engine efficiency and reducing fuel consumption.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Butanol-Blended Diesel
  topic: keywords
subject: Water-Emulsified Fuel
  topic: keywords
subject: Brake Thermal Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption
  topic: keywords
subject: In-Cylinder Combustion Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: AKASYAH
creator: Ahmad Fitri Yusop
creator: S.M Rosdi
creator: Erdiwansyah Erdiwansyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 AKASYAH, Ahmad Fitri Yusop, S.M Rosdi, Erdiwansyah (Author)
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 200
ending page: 212

Physicochemical Characterization of Water-Butanol-Diesel Blends for Enhanced Fuel Performance Analysis
type: item
description: This study investigates the physicochemical properties of water-butanol-diesel (WBD) fuel blends to assess their suitability as alternative fuels for diesel engines. The blends analyzed include diesel (D) and emulsified mixtures containing 5% water and varying butanol content: W5DBu5, W5DBu10, and W5DBu15. Key parameters evaluated are density, kinematic viscosity, heating value, cetane number, specific heat capacity, flash point, and oxygen content. Results show that density decreases with increased butanol proportion, ranging from 998 kg/m³ for water to 827.5 kg/m³ for diesel, with W5DBu5 exhibiting a 1.0% lower density than diesel. Kinematic viscosity at 40°C increases slightly with butanol addition, with W5DBu15 showing the highest viscosity at 2.7 mm²/s. The heating value reduces as butanol content rises, with W5DBu15 recording a 15% lower heating value than pure diesel. Cetane number analysis reveals that diesel achieves the highest ignition quality, while W5DBu blends demonstrate extended ignition delays. Water exhibits the highest specific heat capacity, whereas diesel presents the lowest, indicating potential for improved energy absorption in blended fuels. Flashpoint analysis shows a decrease from diesel to W5DBu15, implying changes in ignition safety. Finally, oxygen content increases with water and butanol, with water reaching 89%, enhancing combustion efficiency. These findings demonstrate that WBD blends, particularly W5DBu5 and W5DBu10, offer promising fuel characteristics for optimized engine performance while potentially reducing emissions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Water-Butanol-Diesel Blends
  topic: keywords
subject: Fuel Properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Engine Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Physicochemical Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Alternative Fuels
  topic: keywords
creator: AKASYAH
creator: Mohd Adnin Hamidi
creator: Obed Majeed Ali
creator: Erdiwansyah Erdiwansyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 AKASYAH, Mohd Adnin Hamidi, Obed Majeed Ali, Erdiwansyah (Author)
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 187
ending page: 199

The Role of Smart Grids in Enhancing Renewable Energy Utilization in Urban Areas
type: item
description: A smart grid is an innovative solution in electric power systems that enables energy efficiency, renewable energy integration, and grid stability improvement. This study aims to analyze the impact of smart grid implementation on energy efficiency, power loss, carbon emissions, and long-term economic benefits. Based on simulation and analysis results, smart grid implementation can increase energy efficiency by 20-30% compared to conventional power grid. In addition, power loss is significantly reduced from 10% in a traditional grid to 5% in a smart grid, increasing energy distribution efficiency. In terms of sustainability, the smart grid enables more optimal renewable energy integration, with solar power contributing 45%, wind 35%, biomass 15%, and hydro 5%, thus helping to reduce carbon emissions by up to 40% compared to conventional systems. From an economic perspective, cost-benefit analysis shows that although the initial investment of a smart grid is relatively high, within 10 years of implementation, this system can generate net economic benefits of 15-20% through energy savings and operational efficiency. In addition, applying demand-side management strategies in smart grids helps reduce peak load fluctuations by 25%, increases the reliability of the power system, and minimizes the risk of blackouts. Thus, the results of this study indicate that smart grids are a solution that not only improves the efficiency and stability of the power system but also supports environmental sustainability and long-term economic growth.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart grid
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Grid stability
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon emissions
  topic: keywords
creator: Asri Gani
creator: Mahidin Mahidin
creator: Muhibbuddin Muhibbuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asri Gani, Mahidin, Muhibbuddin (Author)
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 177
ending page: 186

Effect of Low-Temperature Heat Treatment on Surface Morphology and Elemental Composition of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Biomass Analyzed by SEM-EDS
type: item
description: This study investigates the effect of low-temperature heat treatment on the surface morphology and elemental composition of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) biomass using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). EFB samples were heated at various temperatures ranging from 150°C to 200°C to observe structural changes and the distribution of elements on the biomass surface. SEM analysis revealed that at 150°C, the EFB surface exhibited a rough and porous texture with visible fibres. Increasing the temperature to 190°C and 200°C resulted in smoother surfaces with denser and more compact morphologies due to thermal degradation and particle fusion. EDS results identified the dominant elements present, including Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), and smaller amounts of Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), Silicon (Si), and Chlorine (Cl). At 150°C, Carbon content was recorded at 51.43%, while Oxygen was 33.21%. As the temperature increased to 200°C, Carbon slightly increased to 53.77%, and Oxygen decreased to 30.84%, indicating partial carbonization. Furthermore, the presence of potassium and calcium somewhat reduced from 4.39% and 3.37% at 150°C to 3.17% and 3.08% at 200°C, respectively, which suggests mineral volatilization during heating. These findings demonstrate that temperature significantly influences the physical and chemical characteristics of EFB biomass, with the 190–200°C range showing the most notable changes in surface compaction and elemental reduction. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing EFB as a precursor material for bio-based applications through controlled thermal treatment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Empty Fruit Bunch
  topic: keywords
subject: Low-Temperature Heating
  topic: keywords
subject: SEM-EDS Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Surface Morphology
  topic: keywords
subject: Elemental Composition
  topic: keywords
creator: Bahagia Bahagia
creator: Asri Gani
creator: Yeggi Darnas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bahagia Bahagia, Asri Gani, Yeggi Darnas (Author)
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 168
ending page: 176

Effect of Thermal Treatment on Functional Group Transformation of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Biomass at 150–200°C: An FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis
type: item
description: Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) is a lignocellulosic biomass waste with potential as renewable energy through thermal processing. This study analyzes chemical functional group changes in EFB heated between 150°C and 200°C using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Results show shifts and decreasing intensities of primary functional groups with rising temperatures. At 150°C, FTIR spectra exhibited dominant hydroxyl (–OH) groups at 3616.37 cm⁻¹ and methyl/methylene (C–H) groups at 2918.61 cm⁻¹. Increasing the temperature to 170°C significantly reduced the intensity of –OH groups, shifting peaks to 3495.39 cm⁻¹, and formed aromatic C=C groups at 1591.46 cm⁻¹, indicating the initiation of hemicellulose decomposition. At 200°C, polar –OH groups decreased drastically by over 90% compared to 150°C, leaving a weak peak at 3044.24 cm⁻¹. The stable aromatic C=C group at 1592.96 cm⁻¹ indicated lignin dominance post-heating. Peaks of aromatic C–O and C–H bonds strengthened in the 500–900 cm⁻¹ range, suggesting aromatic carbon compound formation. Results indicate 200°C as optimal for enhancing EFB quality as a solid fuel, yielding a stable, hydrophobic chemical structure. This study provides insights into effectively optimizing EFB waste utilization for alternative energy through thermal modification.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Empty Fruit Bunch
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal Treatment
  topic: keywords
subject: FTIR Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Groups
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomass Conversion
  topic: keywords
creator: Asri Gani
creator: Hera Desvita
creator: Erdiwansyah Erdiwansyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asri Gani, Hera Desvita, Erdiwansyah (Author)
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 158
ending page: 167

Analysis of the Effect of Biodiesel Mixtures on Pressure, Temperature, and Heat Release Rate in Diesel Engines
type: item
description: This study analyzes the effect of biodiesel blends on the combustion characteristics of diesel engines, including in-cylinder pressure, in-cylinder temperature, and Rate of Heat Release (ROHR) at 75% and 100% loads. The fuels used were pure diesel (DB100) and biodiesel blends with compositions F10B10, F20B10, F20B20, and F30B10. The results showed that peak in-cylinder pressure increased with the use of biodiesel. At 75% load, the maximum pressure for DB100 was 69 bar, while F30B10 reached 72 bar. At 100% load, the maximum pressure for DB100 was 70 bar, while F30B10 increased to 74 bar. In addition, the in-cylinder temperature also increased with the biodiesel blend. At 75% load, the peak temperature for DB100 was recorded at 1480 K, while F20B20 reached 1550 K. At 100% load, the temperature increased to 1600 K for DB100 and 1700 K for F10B10. ROHR analysis showed that biodiesel increased energy release compared to pure diesel. At 75% load, DB100 had a peak ROHR of 52,000 kW, while F30B10 reached 57,000 kW. At 100% load, DB100 recorded a ROHR of 48,000 kW, while F30B10 increased to 58,000 kW. The results of this study indicate that biodiesel blends can improve combustion efficiency, which is characterized by increased pressure, temperature, and heat release. However, this increase can also cause an increase in NOₓ emissions, so an emission mitigation strategy is needed to balance energy efficiency and environmental impacts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biodiesel
  topic: keywords
subject: Diesel Engine
  topic: keywords
subject: Pressure in Cylinder
  topic: keywords
subject: Temperature in Cylinder
  topic: keywords
subject: Heat Release Rate
  topic: keywords
creator: AHMAD FITRI
creator: Muhammad Faisal
creator: Muhammad Ilham Maulana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 AHMAD FITRI, Muhammad Faisal, Muhammad Ilham Maulana (Author)
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 149
ending page: 157

Analysis of the Effect of G95M5 Fuel Mixture on Engine Vibration Characteristics at Various Operating Speeds
type: item
description: This study analyzes the effect of using a G95M5 fuel mixture (95% gasoline + 5% methanol) on engine vibration characteristics at various operating speeds. The analysis was carried out in the frequency and time domains to identify changes in vibration patterns due to fuel variations. Tests were carried out at 1000 rpm and 1500 rpm, with an acceleration sensor used to measure vibration amplitude. The frequency spectrum results show that at 1000 rpm, G100 fuel (100% gasoline) produces a higher vibration acceleration peak of around 0.030 m/s², while G95M5 only reaches 0.005 m/s², indicating that methanol helps dampen vibrations at low speeds. However, at 1500 rpm, there is an increase in vibration acceleration in G95M5, with a maximum peak reaching 0.07 m/s², compared to G100, which is only 0.035 m/s². Time domain analysis shows the same trend: at 1000 rpm, G95M5 has a maximum vibration amplitude of ±0.006 m/s², lower than G100, which reaches ±0.028 m/s². Conversely, at 1500 rpm, the vibration amplitude of G95M5 increases to ±0.065 m/s², greater than G100, which is only ±0.04 m/s². These results indicate that methanol in the fuel mixture can dampen vibration at low speeds but increase vibration intensity at high speeds. Therefore, methanol content optimisation is needed to balance combustion efficiency and engine mechanical stability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Methanol
  topic: keywords
subject: Engine vibration
  topic: keywords
subject: Frequency
  topic: keywords
subject: Vibration acceleration
  topic: keywords
subject: Fuel mixture
  topic: keywords
creator: S.M Rosdi
creator: Mohd Hafizil Mat Yasin
creator: Erdiwansyah Erdiwansyah
creator: Muhtadin Muhtadin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 S.M Rosdi, Mohd Hafizil Mat Yasin, Erdiwansyah, Muhtadin (Author)
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 141
ending page: 148

Bibliometric Analysis of Renewable Energy Research Trends Using VOSviewer: Network Mapping and Topic Evolution
type: item
description: This article presents a bibliometric analysis of renewable energy research trends using VOSviewer software. The study aims to map the collaboration network between researchers, institutions, and countries and to identify the evolution of emerging topics in the field of renewable energy. The data is taken from leading scientific databases covering publications in recent years. The article uses network map visualisation techniques to reveal collaboration patterns and research distribution focused on critical themes like solar, wind, and bioenergy. In addition, the article analyses frequently occurring keywords, helping to identify emerging topic trends. The results of this study are expected to provide insights into the direction of future developments in renewable energy research and encourage increased international collaboration in the field.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bibliometric analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: VOSviewer
  topic: keywords
subject: Network mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: Evolution
  topic: keywords
creator: Irhamni Irhamni
creator: Erlina Kurnianingtyas
creator: Muhtadin Muhtadin
creator: Bahagia Bahagia
creator: Ahmad Fitri Yusop
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Irhamni, Erlina Kurnianingtyas, Muhtadin, Bahagia, Ahmad Fitri Yusop (Author)
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 75
ending page: 82

Optimisation of home grid-connected photovoltaic systems: performance analysis and energy implications
type: item
description: In the increasing need for renewable energy, grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) systems at home are a promising solution to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. This article examines the optimization of home GCPV systems, focusing on performance analysis and the resulting energy implications. It also analyzes the performance of a photovoltaic system with a capacity of 3000 Wp connected to the electricity network to people's homes. Through case studies using empirical data and computer simulations, this research evaluates various GCPV system configurations to determine the most energyefficient scenario. Without the influence of shadows, this system is designed to meet daily household energy needs with seasonal modulation. The simulation results show annual energy production of 4446 kWh and energy use of 3379 kWh, with a performance ratio of 83.79% and a diesel fraction of 55.40%. This article discusses the simulation methodology, results, and implications of using PV systems in the context of energy efficiency and sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Photovoltaic systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: PVsyst simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy optimisation
  topic: keywords
creator: Asri Gani
creator: Saisa Saisa
creator: Muhtadin Muhtadin
creator: Bahagia Bahagia
creator: Erdiwansyah Erdiwansyah
creator: Yuni Lisafitri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asri Gani, Saisa, Muhtadin, Bahagia, Erdiwansyah, Yuni Lisafitri (Author)
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 63
ending page: 74

Overview of biomass-based waste to renewable energy technology, socioeconomic, and environmental impact
type: item
description: The increasing energy demand has impacted global economic development. The increase in energy and the growing economy have strained the supply chain of energy sources. The higher energy demand can still be covered by the availability of fossil energy, making it one of the sources of environmental pollution. Therefore, finding safe, renewable, and sustainable alternatives has become urgent. Energy from waste is one of the alternative sources to fossil fuels as it is sustainable for economic, social, and environmental growth. A significant contributor to the development of renewable energy, the economy, and the environment is municipal solid waste (MSW). Waste disposal and scarcity of renewable energy sources have become challenging problems, especially in developing countries. This has caused problems both economically, socially, and environmentally. Based on these problems, researchers' interest in converting and developing alternative energy from solid waste has attracted worldwide attention. Reliable waste-to-energy technologies have been developed under various scenarios such as plasma, thermal conversion (pyrolysis, incineration, torrefaction, and gasification), biochemical, and mechanical technologies. In addition, automated biological treatment technologies (MBT), bioelectrochemical, and photo-biological processes aim to remedy developing countries' energy scarcity. The framework for evaluating solid waste-to-energy technologies was reviewed in depth to facilitate the work of researchers in carrying out their duties in the field. Furthermore, this review is to conclude that renewable energy sources from solid waste have the potential to meet energy needs. Thus, MSW management can address environmental pollution efficiently.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solid waste
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomass
  topic: keywords
subject: Conversion thermal
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical and chemical
  topic: keywords
subject: Biochemical
  topic: keywords
creator: Syaifuddin Yana
creator: Aulia Annas Mufti
creator: Sillak Hasiany
creator: Vera Viena
creator: Mahyudin Mahyudin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Syaifuddin Yana, Aulia Annas Mufti, Sillak Hasiany, Vera Viena, Mahyudin (Author)
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 30
ending page: 62

Advancements in Communication and Information Technologies for Smart Energy Systems and Renewable Energy Transition: A Review
type: item
description: As the energy sector significantly impacts global greenhouse gas emissions, it is essential to decarbonize energy systems to mitigate climate change. Two primary obstacles in decarbonising energy systems include planning for renewable transitions and ensuring sustainable system operations. However, there is hope on the horizon. The potential of new information and communication technologies to enhance future innovative energy systems' planning and operational phases is immense. These systems are characterized by high renewable energy integration and decentralized configurations. This paper offers an extensive examination of how these emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, blockchain, advanced communication technologies, and the metaverse, apply to renewable transition and intelligent energy systems. It discusses pertinent research avenues by analyzing existing studies. The review includes industrial use cases and practical demonstrations of innovative energy technologies, providing a glimpse into the promising future of energy systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Information technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Communication
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart energy systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy transition
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: keywords
creator: Bahagia Bahagia
creator: Muhammad Nizar
creator: Mohd Hafizil Mat Yasin
creator: S.M Rosdi
creator: Muhammad Faisal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bahagia, Muhammad Nizar, Mohd Hafizil Mat Yasin, S.M Rosdi, Muhammad Faisal (Author)
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 01
ending page: 29

A brief overview of the physical layer test system: Development of an IoTbased energy storage and electrical energy distribution system
type: item
description: Solar power systems are an efficient and sustainable solution for household and commercial energy needs. This study discusses the integration of critical components such as solar panels, inverters, batteries, and charge controllers, as well as the use of IoT systems to monitor and control energy distribution. The results of the analysis show that using inverters to convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) and store energy in batteries ensures the continuity of electricity supply. The IoT system also improves efficiency by providing intelligent control. In conclusion, this system offers high reliability and efficiency in utilising renewable energy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solar
  topic: keywords
subject: Inverter
  topic: keywords
subject: Battery
  topic: keywords
subject: IoT
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable Energy
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Ikram Mohd Rashid
creator: Dongdong Li
creator: Jiang Xiaoxia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dongdong Li, Mohd Ikram, Jiang Xiaoxia (Author)
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 131
ending page: 140

Optimisation of Microgrid by HOMER Pro Software Design: Innovative Approach and Performance Evaluation
type: item
description: This study analyses the performance of a renewable energy-based microgrid with the integration of Canadian Solar MaxPower CS6X-325P and the primary electricity grid. The findings demonstrate that solar panels can supply more than 50% of the annual energy demand, with maximum penetration during sunny months. The PV system with an installed capacity of 2.24 kW produces 2,731 kWh per year. Dependence on the electricity grid occurs during low irradiance periods, but there is no supply shortage for the load. The strong linear relationship between solar irradiance and PV power output indicates high efficiency in energy conversion. The findings also show that the system successfully sells excess energy to the grid when production exceeds consumption. This study emphasises the potential of microgrid systems in maximising the use of renewable energy, although increased storage capacity is needed to reduce dependence on the conventional grid.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Renewable Energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Microgrids
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar Panels
  topic: keywords
subject: Grid Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Storage Capacity
  topic: keywords
creator: Cristina Efremov
creator: Sudhakar Kumarasamy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Cristina Efremov, Sudhakar Kumarasamy (Author)
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 120
ending page: 130

Analysis of the concentration microplastics on waste generation in the beach: A case study Banda Aceh City, Indonesia
type: item
description: The area of the aquatic ecosystem has been affected by the waste from the disposal of human products and the transportation of ocean currents and winds. The waste collection system used in this study uses the transect method. The analysis results show that garbage on Alue Naga and Ulee Lheue beaches is 7,328.6 grams (macro) and for (meco) 518.9 grams. The highest density of Meco waste was found at Ulee Lheue Beach at 0.32 items/m compared to 0.04 items/m2 . The highest total density of macro waste was found at Ulee Lheue Beach at 2.04 items/m2 . Compared to 0.28 items/m2 .
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Coastal Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Microplastics
  topic: keywords
subject: Waste Generation
  topic: keywords
subject: Concentration
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine Plastic
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Zaki
creator: Adisalamun Adisalamun
creator: Saisa Saisa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Zaki, Adisalamun, Saisa (Author)
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 109
ending page: 119

Porosity and Pore Volume Analysis of EFB Fiber: Physical Characterization and Effect of Thermal Treatment
type: item
description: This research looked at the shape and physical properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibre heated to 160°C, mainly looking at the number of pores and their size. The results showed that the EFB sample had a porosity of 68.98% with a pore volume reaching 40.69 cm³ from a total volume of 58.99 cm³. This indicates that most material consists of void spaces or pores, which have potential applications in porous materials such as filtration and adsorption. The microscopic pictures showed that the pores were not spread out evenly, with dense areas being spread out. The density distribution also revealed that the material's structure was not uniform, with larger pores and denser areas concentrating at smaller diameters. This study concluded that thermal treatment at 160°C significantly increased the porosity of the EFB material while maintaining a reasonably dense solid area. These findings provide valuable insights into using biomass waste for applications requiring porous properties and mechanical strength, especially in the energy storage, filtration, and adsorption industries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: EFB
  topic: keywords
subject: Porosity
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal Treatment
  topic: keywords
subject: Filtration
  topic: keywords
subject: Adsorption
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomass
  topic: keywords
creator: P. Selvakumar
creator: Asri Gani
creator: Jiang Xiaoxia
creator: Mohd Rosdi Salleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 P. Selvakumar, Asri Gani, Jiang Xiaoxia, Mohd Rosdi Salleh (Author)
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 100
ending page: 108

Characterization of Porosity and Pore Volume in EFB Samples through Physical and Morphological Parameters
type: item
description: This study analyses the physical and morphological characteristics of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibre samples heated at 150°C. Measurements of parameters such as total volume, solid volume, integral volume, and pore volume were carried out to determine the porosity properties of the samples. Based on the measurement results, the total volume of the sample was recorded at 48.28 cm³, with a solid volume of 10.18 cm³, an integral volume of 16.47 cm³, and a pore volume of 38.09 cm³, resulting in a porosity of 78.90%. The morphological images of the samples support these results by showing significant pore distribution. These findings provide important insights into the structure and potential use of EFB fibres in porous material applications, especially in the context of sustainability and biomass waste utilization. This study also contributes to further understanding of the thermal and physical characteristics of natural materials at high temperatures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: EFB fibre
  topic: keywords
subject: Porosity
  topic: keywords
subject: Pore Volume
  topic: keywords
subject: High Temperature
  topic: keywords
subject: Material Characterization
  topic: keywords
creator: Asri Gani
creator: Muhammad Zaki
creator: Bahagia Bahagia
creator: Geubrina Maghfirah
creator: Muhammad Faisal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asri Gani, Muhammad Zaki, Bahagia, Geubrina Maghfirah, Muhammad Faisal (Author)
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 90
ending page: 99

Using VOSviewer for Renewable Energy Literature Analysis: Mapping Technology and Policy-Related Research
type: item
description: This article explores using VOSviewer for literature analysis in the context of renewable energy, with a specific focus on mapping research related to technology and policy. The data, drawn from major scientific databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, encompasses publications discussing the development of renewable energy technology and the policies that support its implementation. Leveraging VOSviewer, this study visualises the collaboration network between researchers, institutions, and countries and identifies the evolution of critical topics in renewable energy literature. Keyword co-authorship and co-occurrence analysis are employed to discern global trends in this research. The results of this study provide profound insight into the relationship between renewable energy technology development and the policies that shape its implementation, thereby indicating opportunities for collaboration and innovation in clean energy. This study is poised to be an inspiring reference for policymakers and researchers, offering a comprehensive understanding of the global dynamics of renewable energy research and igniting the potential for transformative collaboration and innovation in the field.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: VOSviewer
  topic: keywords
subject: Literature analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Geubrina Maghfirah
creator: Ahmad Fitri Yusop
creator: Zulkifli Zulkifli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Geubrina Maghfirah, Ahmad Fitri Yusop, Zulkifli (Author)
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 83
ending page: 89