International Journal of Automotive & Transportation Engineering
The International Journal of Automotive & Transportation Engineering (IJATE) is a peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to advancing research and innovation in automotive engineering and transportation technology. The journal publishes high-quality research articles, reviews, and technical papers covering various topics, including vehicle design and development, propulsion systems, vehicle electrification, automotive materials, aerodynamics, safety systems, intelligent transportation technologies, and energy efficiency in transportation. IJATE aims to bridge the gap between academia and industry by disseminating cutting-edge research that advances automotive and transportation engineering. The journal welcomes contributions based on experimental studies, numerical simulations, and theoretical analyses that provide researchers, engineers, and industry professionals with novel insights and practical applications. IJATE is published twice yearly and has obtained international registration (e-ISSN 3083-9726). Through a rigorous peer-review process, the journal ensures the publication of high-quality research that fosters innovation and sustainable advancements in the automotive and transportation sectors.
Optimizing Fastback Passenger Car Aerodynamics Using Adjustable Rear Spoiler and CFD Structural Evaluation
Aerodynamic efficiency plays a crucial role in passenger car performance, influencing stability, fuel consumption, and overall driving safety. Fastback-type vehicles are susceptible to high drag and lift forces due to their sloping rear geometry, which increases wake turbulence and reduces fuel economy. This study aims to optimize the aerodynamic performance of a fastback passenger car by employing an adjustable rear spoiler and validating the results through both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimental wind tunnel testing. The methodology involved testing spoiler configurations at multiple angles (0°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 22°, 25°, 30°, and 35°). Aerodynamic parameters such as drag coefficient (CD), downforce, surface pressure distribution, wake velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, and lift-to-drag ratio were analyzed. Additionally, structural evaluation using Von Mises stress distribution ensured durability, while fuel consumption analysis quantified efficiency gains across speeds from 60 to 180 km/h. The results demonstrated that the 20–22° spoiler angle provided the optimal configuration, achieving a minimum drag coefficient of 0.258, substantial downforce growth with increasing speed, and up to 8.5% fuel savings at 180 km/h compared to the stock setup. Structural analysis confirmed that over 70% of the spoiler surface experienced low stress (0–50 MPa), with less than 5% subjected to stresses above 150 MPa, ensuring safety under aerodynamic loading. The novelty of this research lies in its integrated approach, combining aerodynamic, structural, and fuel consumption evaluations to deliver a comprehensive framework for spoiler optimization.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Automotive & Transportation Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Building Smart Cities with Integrated Mobility Solutions: Innovation, Challenges, and the Future
The rapid growth of urban populations has intensified the demand for sustainable, efficient, and inclusive transportation systems, positioning integrated mobility solutions as a cornerstone in the development of smart cities. This article explores how innovations in digital technology, data-driven decision-making, and multi-modal connectivity are reshaping urban mobility landscapes. By integrating public transit, shared mobility, autonomous vehicles, and real-time data platforms, cities can enhance accessibility, reduce congestion, and minimize environmental impact. However, these opportunities come with significant challenges, including infrastructure limitations, regulatory barriers, data privacy concerns, and the need for cross-sector collaboration. The article highlights case studies from pioneering smart cities that demonstrate both the potential and pitfalls of implementing integrated mobility strategies. Moreover, it examines the role of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and 5G connectivity in creating seamless, user-centered mobility ecosystems. The discussion also emphasizes the importance of inclusive planning to ensure equitable access for all social groups, particularly marginalized communities that often face mobility disadvantages. Finally, the article provides insights into the future of urban mobility, where sustainability, resilience, and adaptability will define successful smart city models. By addressing existing challenges and fostering innovation, integrated mobility solutions can significantly contribute to building cities that are not only smarter but also more livable, connected, and sustainable.
Advanced Electric Vehicle Battery Management Systems: Optimizing Performance, Safety, and Longevity in Modern Transportation
The advancement of Battery Management Systems (BMS) is pivotal to ensuring the performance, safety, and longevity of electric vehicle (EV) battery packs. This study presents an in-depth analysis of modern BMS technologies, focusing on their structural architectures, safety features, thermal behaviour, and economic efficiency. The primary objective is to evaluate how advanced BMS designs enhance battery reliability and sustainability in various EV applications. A combination of experimental data analysis and comparative review methods was employed to assess battery degradation patterns, thermal distribution, safety response times, market adoption, and cost structures. The results indicate that battery capacity retention decreases from 100% to 70% after 5,000 charging cycles, necessitating intelligent BMS intervention to extend battery lifespan. Temperature distribution analysis reveals that 35% of EV battery operation occurs between 10°C and 25°C, while only 8% occurs above 40°C, highlighting the critical role of thermal regulation. Market data shows Centralised BMS holds a 32% share, followed by Distributed (28%) and Modular (22%) systems. Although Premium BMS systems cost $1,165 per kWh, they offer advanced safety controls, faster diagnostics, and a competitive return on investment of 3.1 years. Safety feature evaluation shows that short-circuit protection responds within 1 ms, and overcurrent protection within 5 ms. This research introduces a comprehensive view of recent innovations, particularly the adaptation of BMS to high-performance battery chemistries like solid-state cells with 400 Wh/kg energy density and 10,000 cycle life. In conclusion, next-generation BMS is essential to achieving safe, cost-effective, and high-performance EV battery operation, supported by data-driven optimisation strategies and intelligent architecture selection.
Comparative Analysis of Ethanol and Fusel Oil Blends on SI Engine Performance at Varying Speeds
The increasing demand for sustainable energy sources has led to significant interest in biofuels as alternatives to fossil-based fuels in spark-ignition (SI) engines. This study investigates the comparative effects of ethanol and fusel oil blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of an SI engine at three different engine speeds: 1000, 2000, and 3000 RPM. The objective is to evaluate and compare the thermal efficiency, mean adequate pressure, and in-cylinder combustion behaviour of RON95 gasoline, ethanol blends (E10, E20, E30), and fusel oil blends (F10, F20, F30). Experimental tests were conducted under varying engine load conditions, and the data were analysed using performance metrics such as Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP), and in-cylinder pressure versus crank angle profiles. The results showed that ethanol blends, particularly E30, delivered the highest BTE of 54.6% and peak in-cylinder pressure of 8.30 MPa at 3000 RPM, while E10 performed optimally at 1000 RPM with a BTE of 27.4%. Fusel oil blends, although having lower calorific value, showed promising performance at higher speeds, with F10 reaching a BMEP of 7.76 bar at 3000 RPM. The novelty of this research lies in its integrated evaluation of two different biofuels across multiple engine speeds and loads, providing comprehensive insights into their real-world application potential. In conclusion, ethanol blends are most effective at enhancing SI engine performance at high speeds, while fuel oil blends show viable potential when properly blended and operated under optimised conditions. This study supports the strategic use of renewable fuels to reduce dependency on fossil energy sources.
Effect of alcohol-based fuel on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of spark-ignition engine: A review
The spark ignition (SI) engine is a significant energy device. Alcohol-based alternative fuels have been used to investigate SI engines' performance, combustion, and emission. Using alternative fuels in SI engines, such as alcohol, natural gas, and biodiesel, aims to reduce air pollution and energy costs. Investigations into alternative fuels operating on SI engines have been carried out, and most of the research is focused on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. This review intends to reveal SI engines' performance, combustion, and emission characteristics using alternative fuels, such as alcohol, natural gas, and biodiesel. The effects of alternative fuels on performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions, such as NOx, CO, and HC, were also investigated. The results presented here showed that the use of alcohol fuel blends such as butanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, iso-butanol, bio-ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, and ethanol-methanol-gasoline can improve engine performance and NOx, CO, and HC emissions. Increased performance and emissions have reduced the combustion characteristics. On the contrary, when combustion increases, engine performance and emissions decrease. The engine combustion decreased due to the lower heating value (LHV), lower cetane number, and lower molecular weight of alcohol fuel than gasoline.
Influence of Oxygenated Fuel and Compression Ratio on Engine Vibration and Noise: A Review
This review investigates the influence of oxygenated fuel blends and compression ratio (CR) on engine vibration and noise, focusing on experimental studies involving biodiesel and alcohol-based fuels. A consistent trend is observed across various engine configurations—single, four, and six cylinders, where biodiesel blends such as B20 and B40 significantly reduce vibration and noise compared to pure diesel. For instance, experiments show a reduction in average vibration by 1.23%, 2.34%, and 3.54% at engine speeds between 1200–2400 rpm. Moreover, the compression ratio positively correlates with vibration levels; higher CR values (up to 20:1) intensify fluctuations and resonance frequencies, notably around 90 kHz in several test scenarios. Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) and Karanja biodiesel mixtures exhibit distinct combustion characteristics that influence noise signatures and oscillation behaviour. Advanced diagnostic methods using accelerometers reveal that optimal combustion stages can be precisely monitored with a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.97), especially in low-displacement engines. Additives like hydrogen further mitigate vibration by lowering transmitted energy to pistons. The findings underscore the potential of renewable biofuels in achieving better NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) performance while highlighting the necessity for engine-specific fuel optimization strategies. This comprehensive synthesis contributes to the future design of low-emission and quieter internal combustion engines compatible with biodiesel blends.
Effect of Oxygenated Fuel on Performance and Emissions of SI and CI Engines: A Review
The increasing concern for cleaner combustion and reduced emissions has intensified the exploration of oxygenated fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines. This review analyzes the effects of various oxygenated fuels such as ethanol, methanol, butanol, hydrogen, and dimethyl ether on the performance and emissions of spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines, particularly under different compression ratio (CR) configurations. Key findings from comparative studies reveal that blends like E30 at CR 11:1 can enhance engine power output by up to 14% while adding 1-butanol shortens combustion duration and reduces particulate emissions. In CI engines, using PODE blends (P10–P30) reduced smoke emissions by 27.6%, 41.5%, and 47.6%, respectively, compared to diesel. Ethanol and methanol blend improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by up to 13.8% and reduced CO emissions by 33.31%. Notably, CO₂, NOx, and CO emissions decreased by 30%, 22%, and 37%, respectively, when methanol was used in SI engines at a CR of 10:1. However, increases in HC emissions were reported with higher CR. The synergistic use of ethanol at 50% blend (E50) with a CR of 10:1 achieved up to 45% reduction in CO emissions compared to gasoline at CR 6:1. The review concludes that oxygenated fuels, especially when optimized with CR variation, offer significant improvements in engine efficiency and emissions control, and hold strong potential as sustainable alternatives for future fuel applications.
Optimization of Additive-Diesel Blends Using RSM on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics
This study investigates the effects of various additive-diesel fuel blends and operating conditions on engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection Yanmar TF120M diesel engine. Utilizing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD), 65 experimental runs were conducted to develop empirical models and analyze the significance of input factors such as engine speed, load, and fuel type. The selected output responses include Brake Power (BP), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), and emissions (CO, CO₂, NOx). ANOVA results confirmed that all models were statistically significant with p-values < 0.0001 and high R² values ranging from 0.8177 to 0.9949, indicating strong model reliability. The maximum improvement in BP ranged from 3.1% to 8.1% compared to pure diesel. The best BTE reached up to 35% for blends like TD and APD, showing a 6.1% enhancement over diesel. BSFC was significantly reduced by 4.3–12.8% across various blends, with APD showing the lowest consumption at 102 g/kWh. EGT was also notably affected, with a maximum reduction of 20.8% when using OAPD, indicating improved combustion efficiency. Overall, the additive-diesel blends demonstrated improved engine performance and reduced emissions, highlighting their potential as alternative fuels. The developed models are suitable for optimizing operating conditions to achieve better efficiency and environmental performance in small diesel engines.
Effect vibration characteristics in direct-injection engine with operated turpentine oil-diesel fuel blend
Turpentine oil, mainly derived from clove oil, shows strong potential as a diesel additive due to its oxygenated composition, improving combustion and reducing emissions. Despite its environmental advantages, limited application persists due to high production costs. This study investigates the effects of adding 0.2% turpentine oil to diesel fuel on engine vibration characteristics in a single-cylinder direct injection engine. Vibration was measured along three orthogonal axes (X, Y, and Z) under two engine loads (25% and 50%) and five speeds ranging from 1200 to 2000 rpm. Results revealed that turpentine-diesel blends consistently reduced vibration levels on the Y and Z axes. At 25% load, the lowest RMS vibration with turpentine additive occurred at 1400 rpm, while for pure diesel, it was at 1600 rpm. At 50% load, minimum vibration for both fuels was observed at 1400 rpm. The turpentine additive reduced vibration magnitudes by up to 11.3% on the Y axis and 9.6% on the Z axis compared to pure diesel. These findings support using turpentine oil as a viable additive to improve ride comfort and reduce engine-induced vibrations, offering reference data for future studies on alternative fuels.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Automotive & Transportation Engineering
Combustion and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine Fueled with Water-Extracted Fusel-Biodiesel-Diesel Blends
This study investigates the effects of water-reduced fusel oil blended with biodiesel and diesel on the emission and combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Five fuel blends were tested: F10B20, F20B30, F10B30, F30B20, and F30B30, representing varying proportions of fusel oil (10–30%), biodiesel (20–30%), and diesel (40–70%). The engine operated at a constant speed of 1800 rpm under four load conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). Results showed that reducing water content in fusel oil from 13.5% to 6.5% led to a 7.9% increase in carbon content and a 13% rise in heating value, while oxygen content decreased by 50%. Compared to pure diesel, all fusel-biodiesel blends exhibited CO and CO₂ emissions reductions across all engine loads. Brake power slightly increased with fuel-based blends, while brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) also increased following water extraction. Interestingly, although thermal properties improved after water reduction, NOₓ emissions tended to rise, highlighting a trade-off between improved combustion and regulated emissions. The study confirms that water-extracted fusel oil can enhance combustion efficiency and partially reduce harmful emissions, offering a viable pathway for alternative fuel development in diesel engines.
Cycle-to-Cycle Pressure Analysis of Butanol-Water-Diesel Blends at Varying Engine Loads
This study investigates the cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV) in-cylinder pressure for an internal combustion engine fueled with various butanol–water–diesel blends at a constant engine speed of 3,000 rpm and different engine loads (20% and 35%). The primary aim is to assess the combustion stability and performance of the tested emulsified fuels by analysing in-cylinder pressure and coefficient of variation (COV) of the indicated mean adequate pressure (IMEP). Five fuel types were tested: pure diesel (D), water-emulsified diesel (W5D), and three water–diesel blends with 5%, 10%, and 15% butanol additions (W5DBu5, W5DBu10, W5DBu15). At 20% engine load, the W5DBu5 blend showed the lowest relative standard deviation (%RSD) of maximum pressure at 2.80%, indicating superior combustion stability compared to diesel (5.58%) and W5D (4.77%). The maximum pressure (Pmax) ranged from 47.68 bar (D) to 67.30 bar (W5DBu15). At 35% load, W5DBu10 exhibited the highest Pmax of 81.34 bar and a higher variation (%RSD of 2.93%), while diesel had a significantly lower variation at 1.45%. The results demonstrate that small additions of butanol, especially in W5DBu5, improve pressure stability and combustion performance at partial load. However, increased butanol concentration beyond 10% tends to elevate cyclic pressure fluctuations. These findings offer insight into optimizing biofuel blends for improved engine efficiency and reduced emissions.
Combustion and Pressure Rise Characteristics of Butanol–Diesel Blends in a Multi-Cylinder Engine at Varying Loads and Speeds
This study investigates the combustion characteristics and in-cylinder pressure rise behaviour of a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled with various diesel–butanol–water blends. Five fuel types were tested: pure diesel (Diesel), diesel with 5% water (W5D), and W5D further blended with 5%, 10%, and 15% butanol, labelled W5DBu5, W5DBu10, and W5DBu15, respectively. Experiments were conducted at a constant engine speed of 3,000 rpm under varying load conditions of 20%, 35%, and 50%. Results show that W5DBu10 produced the highest pressure rise at 20% load, reaching 11.9 bar at 6° after the top dead centre (ATDC), approximately 21% higher than pure diesel (9.8 bar). At 35% load, W5DBu15 demonstrated the highest rate of pressure rise (RoPR) with a peak of 16.25 bar at 5° ATDC, compared to 13.48 bar for diesel. Under 50% load, W5DBu15 again showed the highest RoPR at 14.84 bar (2.5° ATDC). The mass fraction burned (MFB) analysis revealed that W5DBu15 completed combustion slightly later but demonstrated higher thermal efficiency, especially at medium and high loads. Moreover, ignition delay tended to increase with higher butanol content. These findings suggest incorporating butanol into diesel–water blends can enhance in-cylinder pressure characteristics and combustion performance. However, the optimal blend ratio must be carefully selected to balance ignition delay and pressure rise behaviour.
Effect of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends on In-Cylinder Pressure and Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption at Various Engine Speeds
This study investigates the impact of ethanol-gasoline blends on in-cylinder pressure and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at various engine speeds and throttle positions. Experiments were conducted using RON95 gasoline and ethanol blends of E10, E20, and E30 at engine speeds of 1000 rpm, 2000 rpm, and 3000 rpm. The in-cylinder pressure analysis at 2000 rpm showed that the highest peak pressure was achieved with RON95 at 590 kPa, while E10, E20, and E30 recorded 585 kPa, 580 kPa, and 575 kPa, respectively. Interestingly, at 3000 rpm, E30 exhibited the highest peak pressure of 830 kPa, followed by E20 (810 kPa), E10 (790 kPa), and RON95 (770 kPa), indicating that higher ethanol content improves combustion at higher engine speeds. BSFC measurements revealed that increasing ethanol content led to higher fuel consumption. At 1000 rpm with 40% throttle, BSFC increased from 7.1 g/kWh (RON95) to 7.6 g/kWh (E30). Similarly, at 2000 rpm with 40% throttle, BSFC rose from 32.2 g/kWh for RON95 to 34.1 g/kWh for E30. The highest BSFC values were recorded at 3000 rpm and 45% throttle, where RON95 measured 102 g/kWh and E30 reached 106 g/kWh. These findings demonstrate that ethanol blends can enhance in-cylinder pressure at high engine speeds but increase fuel consumption due to ethanol's lower calorific value. This research provides significant insights into optimizing ethanol-gasoline blends for improved combustion efficiency while considering fuel economy in gasoline-powered engines.
Performance Analysis of Ethanol and Fusel Oil Blends in RON95 Gasoline Engine
This study investigates the performance of RON95 gasoline blended with ethanol (E10, E20, E30) and fusel oil (F10, F20, F30) in a spark-ignition engine at varying engine loads (10%–40%) and rotational speeds (1000, 2000, and 3000 RPM). The experiments were conducted using a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine under controlled conditions to evaluate Brake Power (BP) and Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP). The results show that adding ethanol and fusel oil enhances engine performance compared to pure gasoline (G). At 1000 RPM and 40% load, the highest BP was recorded for E20 at 10.4 kW, while gasoline achieved only 9.4 kW. Similarly, at 2000 RPM and 40% load, F10 reached 27.1 kW compared to gasoline's 24.5 kW. The most significant improvement was observed at 3000 RPM and 40% load, where F30 achieved 55.2 kW, outperforming gasoline at 45.8 kW. BMEP values followed a similar trend, with the highest BMEP at 3000 RPM and 40% load for F30 at 7.6 bar, surpassing gasoline at 7.0 bar. These findings demonstrate that ethanol and fusel oil blends, particularly at higher concentrations and engine speeds, can substantially improve engine performance. This research contributes novelty by systematically comparing the effects of ethanol and fusel oil blends on gasoline engine performance, providing an alternative pathway to utilizing bio-based fuels for enhanced power output without engine modifications.
Optimization of Engine Performance and Emissions with Fusel Oil Blends: A Response Surface Analysis on Speed and Throttle Parameters
This study investigates the optimization of engine performance and emissions using fusel oil blends through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The analysis focuses on key parameters, including engine speed, throttle position, and fuel blends, to determine their impact on brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and exhaust emissions. The results indicate that increasing engine speed and throttle improves BTE, achieving a maximum efficiency of 24.22%. Conversely, BSFC decreases with higher speed and throttle, reaching a minimum value of 353.62 g/kWh. Emission analysis reveals that nitrogen oxides (NOx) increase with engine speed and throttle, peaking at 658.23 ppm, while hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) decrease under the same conditions, with minimum values of 208.65 ppm and 2.95%, respectively. The optimization process identified the most favorable conditions at 3000 RPM engine speed, 40% throttle, and 30% fusel oil blend (F30), leading to performance improvements of 4.3% in power, 2.7% in BTE, and 3.6% in BSFC, alongside emission reductions of 0.8% for NOx, 6.0% for HC, and 5.9% for CO. The RSM model demonstrated a high accuracy with an R-squared value above 0.95 for all parameters, with validation experiments confirming an error margin below 5%. These findings suggest that fusel oil blends offer a promising alternative fuel for optimizing engine efficiency while reducing emissions.
Optimization of Fuel Blends for Improved Combustion Efficiency and Reduced Emissions in Internal Combustion Engines
The increasing demand for alternative fuels has driven research on fuel blends to improve engine performance and reduce harmful emissions. This study investigates the effect of different fuel blends (F0, F10, F20, and F30) on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and emissions, including Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx). The results show a significant reduction in BSFC, from 245 g/kWh at F0 to 200 g/kWh at F30, indicating enhanced fuel efficiency. Additionally, BTE increased from 24% at F0 to 30% at F30, suggesting improved energy conversion efficiency. Regarding emissions, HC emissions exhibited a declining trend with increased fuel blend ratios, demonstrating more complete combustion. CO emissions showed a slight increase at higher blend levels, requiring further optimization. Meanwhile, CO and NOx emissions decreased significantly, with CO levels dropping from 0.33% at F0 to 0.18% at F30, and NOx emissions reducing from 100 ppm at F0 to 65 ppm at F30. These findings confirm that optimized fuel blends can enhance engine performance while minimizing environmental impact. The study provides a comprehensive evaluation of fuel blend effects and highlights the potential of blended fuels as a sustainable alternative. Future research should focus on refining blend compositions to maximize efficiency and minimize emissions under varying engine conditions.
Effect of Fuel Blends on In-Cylinder Pressure and Combustion Characteristics in a Compression Ignition Engine
This study investigates the impact of biofuel blends derived from empty fruit bunch (EFB) biocoke on internal combustion engine performance, focusing on in-cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise (ROPR), heat release rate (HRR), and mass fraction burned (MFB). The experiments were conducted using different fuel blends (F0, F10, F20, and F30) to evaluate their effects on combustion characteristics. The results indicate that the peak in-cylinder pressure for conventional fuel (F0) reached approximately 70 bar, while biofuel blends exhibited a slightly lower peak, ranging between 60–65 bar. The ROPR was also reduced with increasing biofuel concentration, with F0 showing a maximum of 5.2 bar/°CA, whereas F30 recorded a lower peak of around 4.8 bar/°CA, suggesting a smoother combustion process. Additionally, the MFB analysis demonstrated that biofuel blends achieved complete combustion at a crank angle of approximately 50–55°CA, highlighting their effective energy conversion capabilities. The findings suggest that incorporating EFB-based biofuels can optimize combustion by reducing pressure fluctuations and maintaining engine efficiency. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive evaluation of EFB-derived biofuels in internal combustion engines, contributing to the development of sustainable and cleaner energy alternatives. This research supports the potential of EFB-based biofuels as a viable substitute for conventional fossil fuels, paving the way for more environmentally friendly combustion systems.
Optimization of Engine Performance and Emissions Using Ethanol-Fusel Oil Blends: A Response Surface Methodology
This study evaluates the performance of a turbocharged spark ignition (SI) engine using a mixture of ethanol and fusel oil with gasoline (RON95) to assess engine performance, emissions, and combustion stability. This study utilizes Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the influence of engine speed, engine throttle, and fuel mixture on engine performance parameters, thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. The experimental results show that COVimep (coefficient of variation of mean pressure in the cylinder) increases with adding ethanol and fusel oil proportions, with F30 showing the highest COVimep (2.80%). Optimization using RSM shows optimal conditions at an engine speed of 3000 rpm, 40% throttle, and F30 mixture, resulting in 33.0 kW of brake power, 35% thermal efficiency, 285.4 g/kWh of specific fuel consumption, and NOx, HC, and CO emissions of 1013.7 ppm, 185.3 ppm, and 1.59%, respectively. Validation experiments with the same conditions showed a brake power of 34.5 kW, thermal efficiency of 36%, and slightly increased emissions. The optimization results showed that RSM effectively optimises engine performance and emissions with a prediction error of less than 5% and can be applied to various fuel mixture combinations.
Renewable energy integration and management: Bibliometric analysis and application of advanced technologies
This study critically examines the integration and management of renewable energy through bibliometric analysis and the application of advanced technologies, aiming to uncover major research trends, technological innovations, and ongoing challenges in the field. By analysing scientific publications from 2021 to 2023 using the Scopus and Web of Science databases, the research focuses on critical topics such as renewable energy management, advanced technologies, and emerging global collaborations. The findings reveal a substantial rise in research output, particularly in solar and wind energy, alongside a growing emphasis on international cooperation. Notably, advanced technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain are identified as pivotal in enhancing the operational efficiency and control of renewable energy systems. However, critical challenges persist, such as the lack of robust policy frameworks, insufficient infrastructure, and the complexity of system integration. This research underscores the necessity of adopting a multidisciplinary approach and comprehensive policy support to facilitate long-term, sustainable energy solutions. These insights offer valuable guidance for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers in shaping future strategies to optimise the use of renewable energy.
One-dimensional Simulation of Industrial Diesel Engine
This paper presents a comprehensive one-dimensional simulation study of a diesel engine using Diesel-RK software to evaluate engine performance and combustion characteristics. The simulation model integrates detailed representations of fuel injection, combustion kinetics, and heat transfer processes, enabling the prediction of key parameters such as engine performance, combustion characteristics and emissions. Results from the simulation were rigorously validated against experimental data across a range of operating conditions, demonstrating excellent predictive capabilities. The findings reveal that the Diesel-RK model accurately captures the complex interplay between design parameters and combustion dynamics, offering a reliable tool for optimizing engine performance and improving emissions control. This study underscores the robustness of one-dimensional simulation techniques in diesel engine analysis and provides valuable insights for future engine development and advanced combustion strategies.